upright microscope platform axio imager 2  (Carl Zeiss)

Journal: Foods

Article Title: Structure–Property Relevance of Two Pairs of Isomeric Steviol Rebaudiosides and the Underlying Mechanism

doi: 10.3390/foods14111917

Figure Lengend Snippet: Crystal profile of the isomers. ( a ) Polarizing microscope photo, samples were recrystallized in 80% methanol. ( b ) XRD pattern.

Article Snippet: Polarizing microscope characterization: Observation was carried out using a thermal platform microscope (Axio Imager A2POL, Carl Zeiss, Deutschland, Germany) at 500× g magnification at 25 °C and a polarization angle of 70°.

Techniques: Microscopy

Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: Hypergravity Attenuates Reactivity in Primary Murine Astrocytes

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10081966

Figure Lengend Snippet: Increased gravitational load inhibits astrocytic cell spreading. ( A ) Astrocytes of the 1 g control sample and after one day of 2 g hypergravity exposure stained with fluorescently labeled Phalloidin (F-actin, red). The cell perimeter as recognized by semi-automatic Zeiss Zen image analysis is marked (blue). ( B ) Average cell area in µm 2 of astrocytes at 1 g (grey) versus 2 g hypergravity (red) exposure (1d: p < 0.0001; 2d: p < 0.0001). At normal gravity, astrocytes occupied large areas of 2320 µm 2 ± 29 µm 2 compared to 1839 µm 2 ± 22 µm 2 at 2 g hypergravity after 24 h. The cells enlarged further in the course of 48 h with 3392 µm 2 ± 43 µm 2 at 1 g and 2785 µm 2 ± 34 µm 2 at 2 g hypergravity. The samples were compared via t -test. The sample size n for 1 day is: 1 g = 2320; 2 g = 2218; for 2 days: 1 g = 2572; 2 g = 2491 cells from 3 individual astrocyte cultures derived from 3 gravid mice. ( C ) DIC live microscopy images of freshly seeded astrocytes at 0 h, 2.5 h, and 5 h after seeding. Top row shows the 1 g control cells, bottom row shows cells exposed to 2 g hypergravity on the Hyperscope live-cell imaging platform on the DLR human centrifuge. Cells which were adhering and spreading in hypergravity conditions exhibited a smaller cell area compared to control cells. ( D ) Initial spreading rate of primary astrocytes. Shown is the average cell area in µm 2 of astrocytes in 2 g hypergravity (red) versus 1 g of the control (grey). A linear regression (dashed line) was inserted and slopes of the lines were calculated with 9.185 at 1 g (y = 9.185x + 764.5) and 2.664 (y = 2.664x + 763.9) at 2 g . If the overall slopes were identical, there was less than a 0.01% probability ( p < 0.0001) of random data points with these different slopes. Cells exposed to hypergravity exhibit a slower increase in their average cell area. A Mann–Whitney U test showed a significant difference of the two samples ( p = 0.0083). Values are shown as SEM and significance was indicated as follows: p > 0.05 as n.s., p < 0.05 as *, p < 0.01 as **, p < 0.001 as *** and p < 0.0001 as ****. The sample size n is 1 g = 136; 2 g = 131 cells from 3 individual astrocyte cultures derived from 3 gravid mice.

Article Snippet: The analyses of dynamic processes were performed on the Hyperscope live-cell imaging platform (Zeiss Axio Observer.Z1 epifluorescence microscope, Jena, Germany) on the DLR human centrifuge (SAHC, DLR: envihab, Cologne, Germany) ( ).

Techniques: Control, Staining, Labeling, Derivative Assay, Microscopy, Live Cell Imaging, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: Hypergravity Attenuates Reactivity in Primary Murine Astrocytes

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10081966

Figure Lengend Snippet: Acute effects and adaptation of the initial phase of astrocyte migration velocities with respect to gravity conditions. ( A ) Analysis of live-cell imaging of astrocytes on the Hyperscope microscope platform on the DLR human centrifuge revealed a line graph showing the average closed cell-free area of astrocytes exposed to 2 g hypergravity (red) and 1 g control cells (grey) over the initial 22 h of exposure. The two curves were compared with a Mann–Whitney U test ( p = 0.005). ( B ) Linear regression for the time points 0–2.5 h and 2.5–22 h with the respective migration velocities of each regression line marked on the graph. The velocities of the 2 g and 1 g samples between 0 h and 2.5 h were not significantly different, in contrast to the velocities of the 2 g and 1 g samples from 2.5 h to 22 h ( p < 0.0001). The sample size n was 1 g = 6; 2 g = 6. Separate wound-healing areas each with a dimension of 4 mm × 0.5 mm from 3 individual astrocyte cultures derived from 3 gravid mice. ( C ) Intermittent wound-healing assay with live-cell imaging during hypergravity exposure on the Hyperscope platform on the DLR large human centrifuge. Line graph showing the increase in average closed scratch area over the time course of the experiment. The scratch was imaged under 1 g normal gravity for 12 h (grey) followed by 12 h at 2 g hypergravity (red). The last 12 h the cells were allowed to re-adapt to 1 g normal gravity (grey). ( D ) Linear regression lines fitted to each segment of the experiment (dashed lines) with the corresponding slope values (i.e., migration velocity) of 1 g : 1.25 µm/h, 2 g : 0.43 µm/h, and further 1 g : 1.28 µm/h below. ( E ) Zoomed in line graph showing a twelve-hour period between 7 and 19 h of the wound-healing assay on the Hyperscope. Depicted is the average closed scratch area overlaid with the linear regression lines and the respective velocities noted above both lines. A one-hour lag phase was identified, which showed a steady progression of migration velocity over 1 h before the cells adapted to the hypergravity conditions with reduced migration speeds as indicated above the lines. ( F ) Similar line graph showing the period of re-adaptation from 2 g (red) to 1 g (grey) with the linear regression lines and their velocities noted above the lines. A lag phase of 2 h needed for re-adaptation from 2 g hypergravity to 1 g normal gravity was observed as indicated by the different migration velocities. The sample size n is 1 g = 8; 2 g = 8 separate wound-healing areas each with a dimension of 4 mm × 0.5 mm from 2 individual astrocyte cultures derived from 2 gravid mice. Values are shown as SEM and significance was indicated as follows: p > 0.05 as ns, p < 0.05 as *, p < 0.01 as **, p < 0.001 as *** and p < 0.0001 as ****. Tiled images of the cell-free areas were acquired with a 20× objective (NA 0.4), with increments of 30 min over the course of 36 h.

Article Snippet: The analyses of dynamic processes were performed on the Hyperscope live-cell imaging platform (Zeiss Axio Observer.Z1 epifluorescence microscope, Jena, Germany) on the DLR human centrifuge (SAHC, DLR: envihab, Cologne, Germany) ( ).

Techniques: Migration, Live Cell Imaging, Microscopy, Control, MANN-WHITNEY, Derivative Assay, Wound Healing Assay

Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: Hypergravity Attenuates Reactivity in Primary Murine Astrocytes

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10081966

Figure Lengend Snippet: Highly dynamic F-actin rearrangements are altered due to hypergravity. Primary murine transgenic LifeAct-GFP expressing astrocytes were subjected to 2 g hypergravity on the Hyperscope live-cell imaging platform on the DLR human centrifuge. ( A ) Astrocyte lamellipodia (arrows) retracted with filopodia (arrowheads) remaining. ( B ) Lamellipodial retraction and membrane ruffles (arrows) could be observed. ( C ) Focal adhesions (asterisks) were still able to form under the influence of hypergravity, but with a change in location towards the cell center. ( D ) Stress fibers remained intact and largely unchanged. ( E ) Even though stress fibers remained intact, retraction of larger protrusions (arrowheads) lead to rearrangements also of more stable structures. The cells were exposed to 1 g or 2 g hypergravity on the same setup on the Hyperscope for 3 h with 2.5 min increments between images. The left and middle images show F-actin structures of an astrocyte at 1 g or 2 g conditions, respectively. The right image shows an overlay of the 1 g (blue) and 2 g (red) image in different colors to indicate the structural changes over time as indicated by time stamps in min. Scale bars for every row are indicated in the right panels.

Article Snippet: The analyses of dynamic processes were performed on the Hyperscope live-cell imaging platform (Zeiss Axio Observer.Z1 epifluorescence microscope, Jena, Germany) on the DLR human centrifuge (SAHC, DLR: envihab, Cologne, Germany) ( ).

Techniques: Transgenic Assay, Expressing, Live Cell Imaging, Membrane